Wednesday, July 31, 2019
Police work with juveniles Essay
Introduction            This term paper tackles the issue of police work with juveniles. For purposes of this paper therefore, juvenile delinquency should be understood to refer to any antisocial or criminal behaviour by children or adolescents (Quint, Andrew Reisig & Mueller, 1996)            On Friday June 1996, a 9 year old and 11 year old boy were charged with the rape of an 8 year old pregnant. In addition, a pregnant girl was shot by another student in St. Louis Miami almost during that time (emergency net news, 1996). These are just but cases of Juvenile offences that the police have to deal with.            Juvenile policing has its roots in 1899 in cook county Illinois, where the first court was created as a result of ideological changes in the cultural conception and strategies of social control during the 19the century; an event that culminated into a century long process of differentiating youths from adults offenders( Quint et al. 1996)            What then is the police role in juvenile policing? Just like the adult system of criminal justice, the juvenile justice system also has three basic components, the police, courts and corrections (Larry & Welsh, 2004) More often than not, whether or not a juvenile is processed into this system is dependent upon the outcome of an encounter with the police. It is therefore true to say that, the police serve the role of the gatekeepers to the juvenile justice system. They thus begin the criminal justice system. Also, upon the arrest of a juvenile offender, the law provides for the police to release the juvenile to his or her parents or take the offender to a court (Quint et al. 1996) A new view has however emerged within the police themselves. Rather than seeing themselves as crime fighters who track down serious criminals or stop armed robberies in progress, many police departments have adopted the concept that their role be maintaining order and being a visible and accessible component of the society(Larry & Welsh, 2004)            Police research and other related studies indicate that these offender of violent juvenile crimes are likely to turn up to world be junior terrorists who can be of rivaled some of the worst terrorist organizations in the world.(Quint et al 1996)            The arrest procedures for juvenile offender differ from place to place but generally, arrest becomes the primary option of securing the juvenile’s attendance to court. In addition, a written notice can be issued by police for the offender to appear in court (Larry & Welsh, 2004). This is however mostly given to minor offenders. The investigating officer then notices the parent or guardian about the arrest of the time, date and place where the offender is to appear. While doing this, the police are supposed to exercise discretion to enhance the child’s rights and divert the child away from the mainstream criminal justice system(Larry & Welsh, 2004)            Search and seizure is another method of police methods of investigation. The law governing search and seizure is typically the same for both adults and juveniles (Larry & Welsh, 2004). This procedure involves among others photographing, fingerprinting, lineups and record keeping. Children however, just like adults are also protected against unreasonable search and seizure under the fourth and fourteenth amendments of the constitution (Larry & Welsh, 2004)            There is also custodial interrogation which requires the offenders  to be questioned often within the presence of their parents or attorney. This is because any incriminating statement arising from such custodial interrogation can be used at trial (Quint et al. 1996)            Because of the informality that has been built into the system in an attempt to individualize justice, much discretion needs to be exercised. Daily procedures of juvenile personnel are rarely subject to judicial review except when they violate the youth’s constitutional rights (Larry & Welsh, 2004) and as a result, discretion sometimes deteriorates into discrimination and other abuses on the part of the police.  Too little discretion gives insufficient flexibility to treat juvenile offenders as individuals while too much leads to injustice (Larry & Welsh, 2004).  Police for instance are likely to act formally with African American suspects and use their discretion to benefit whites (Larry & Welsh, 2004). Other factors include environmental factors whereby the police have that in born mentality within them that certain places, or if a child comes form a particular place, then he/she is likely to be an offender. This stereotypy thus falls under the environmental factors.            Police bias can also be as a result of the situation and conditions under which the child is arrested. If the child brings complications such as putting up a resistance against the arrest and therefore fights the officer, or merely has a bad or negative attitude, then he is likely to be arrested in such a case discretionary justice is likely to take place (Larry & Welsh, 2004). It should be noted also that discretionary decisions are made without guidelines from the police administration. As noted earlier, there are many factors that influence the decisions made by the police about juvenile offenders. among the ones not mentioned include, the seriousness of the offense, the harm inflicted on the victim and the likelihood that the juvenile will break the law again (Larry & Welsh, 2004).            The police have however taken the lead in delinquency prevention by employing a number of strategic measures some of which rely on their different powers. Others have relied on schools, the community and other juvenile justice agencies (Quint et al, 1996).            One of these strategies of contemporary prevention relies on aggressive patrolling at specific patterns of delinquency. This is what we refer to as aggressive law enforcement. The police here target gang areas and arrest members for any violations. The tactic however has not proved to be effective since in most cases, the results tend to be unsatisfactory (Larry & Welsh, 2004).            In 1996 for example, the Dallas police initiated the strategy, which led to significant reduction in gang activity, targeting truancy and curfew laws but the saturation patrols proved ineffective (Larry & Welsh, 2004).            Police have also worked with schools to improve their safety and prevent delinquency in the community through organizations of various programs (Quint et al. 1996). The problem here however lies in the view that is held by some people over police in schools. These people assert that this infringement on the personal freedoms of students (Larry & Welsh, 2004)  and that schools  should be left to run sovereignly. There are also others who call for greater use of police in schools, especially those schools that have experienced violent incidents in the past by students against teachers (Larry & Welsh, 2004).            Community policing may also be employed here. Community policing models are put in place aimed at improving relationships between the community and the police. This will be important since many juveniles will then have a high regard for the police. Conclusion The ever-changing nature of juvenile delinquency thus calls for more experimentation and innovation in policing strategies inorder to prevent delinquency (Larry & Welsh, 2004). Among the first steps therefore should be tailoring policing activities to prevailing local conditions and providing for an enlargement in the community and other stakeholders   References Emergency Net News Service, 1996 http://www.emergency.com/juvycrim.htm Larry J. Siegel, Brandon C. Welsh (2004). Juvenile Delinquency. Belmont, Calif: Thomas Wadsworth Quint Thurman, Andrew Giacomazzi, Michael Reisig and David Mueller (1996). Community based Gang Prevention and Intervention: An Evaluation of the Neutral Zone: Crime and Delinquency
Tuesday, July 30, 2019
Diffrentiate Between Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Distinction between Quantitative and Qualitative Research Research can be defined as search for Knowledge with an open mind to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas or develop new theories. Quantitative and qualitative research is two methods of research. Quantitative Research deals with analyzing the subject and gathering measurable data. While Qualitative research deals with gathering of mainly verbal data rather than measurements. Gathered data is then analyzed in an interpretative manner, subjective, impressionistic or even diagnostic. Quantitative research is opposite to Qualitative research. It has a standard format with very few inter-disciplinary differences. It usually put forth a hypothesis and tries to prove or disprove it with the help of mathematical and statistical means. They are most commonly used by Physical Scientist although Economist and Social scientists tend to use it. This kind of experiment requires a random study group. (Shuttle Worth, 2010, 13) There are various pros and cons of this research method. Quantitative research is the best way of finalizing a result by proving or disproving a hypothesis. Results are statistically analyzed and a comprehensive answer is reached. Unbiased and real results can be obtained by proper designing of the experiment. Quantitative research is helpful in testing various results obtained by series of Qualitative research and thus arriving at a final answer. On the contrary above research method is difficult and expensive. It requires that the study groups are randomly placed and it also demands a thorough knowledge of Statistics. Sometimes in order to arrive at the conclusion, retesting is also required which again makes the process more expensive and time consuming. There is little room for grey areas or uncertainty in this method since the final answer is either a Yes or No. Qualitative research is used where a in depth analysis of the subject is required such as in Social science, human behavior and market research. It deals with why and how of decision making. Designer doing a market research for understanding general market trend can be considered as a form of Qualitative research. It usually involves Interview, Survey and Case study. It’s one of the oldest research techniques which don’t have a standard format or structure. (Shuttle Worth, 2010, 13) Qualitative research is very helpful in situations where it’s a question of yes or no. It’s very easy to lan and costs little compared to quantitative research. Method is very flexible and generates useful data unlike in Quantitative research where an unproven hypothesis leaves nothing. Primary disadvantage of this method is that it requires lot of planning in order to get accurate results. Another drawback is that the results can’t be mathematically analyzed. It can onl y give observation rather than results. Reference: Shuttleworth, M (2010, How to Write a Research Paper, Oskar Blakstad. BY Jamsheed Maleth EF University Preparation Jamsheed. [email protected] co. uk [email protected] com
Monday, July 29, 2019
Ccot Roman 100-600 Ad
Roman Empire experienced division and unity of the empire with the contribution of religion, and language. The government of the Roman Empire had more or less stayed the same through 100 CE and 600 CE. The system was called the Roman Republic where the male citizens of the Roman Empire elected their leaders. In this system, there were senates, consuls, tribunes, perfects, and an Assembly of all male who were free and were Roman citizenship. During the reign of Diocletian in the Roman Empire, the Roman Empire was greatly impacted by the action of Diocletian. When Diocletian entered his reign, he realized that the Roman Empire was becoming too big for one person to rule and decided that he will split the empire in half into the Eastern and Western Roman Empire in 284 AD, making it more manageable to rule. Although the Empire was divided, the two empires supported and help each other. However, in 376, 410, and 468 CE their northern adversaries had launched an attack on the Empire, which made the empires unable to support one another. As time passed, the division between the empires grew and led to more independence. Later on in 306 AD, a civil war called the Civil Wars of the Tetrarchy occurred between the Eastern and Western Roman Empire which lasted for 18 years. The leader of the Eastern half was Maxentius who was power-hungry had planned to kill leader of the western half, Constantine, by creating a rebellion. Because of Maxentius’ lust for wealth, it led to war. In the end of civil war, Constantine won and the empire was united again. However after Constantine’s death in 337, the empire was divided again by his sons. Christianity had a huge impact on the Roman Empire. In the beginning, Romans were polytheistic and believed that the gods were the reason for many things. However Christianity began to spread throughout the Roman Empire and many people began to convert. The emperor Diocletian in 303demanded that they will comply with the traditional Roman religious practices, if not they will be persecuted. Although most of the Christian in their community did deny their faith and worshipped the Roman gods, some Christians would not hesitate to announce their faith in front of a whole Assembly. Though many Christians were persecuted, Christianity rapidly grew because of the nfluence of many great Christians and the benefits of being one such as life after death in Heaven instead of the Underworld. In 313 AD, Constantine announced that Christianity is allowed in the empire in the Edict of Milan. The reason why he allowed Christianity was that before the Battle of Milvian Bridge he saw a cross of light in the sky with words that said, â€Å"By this, wi n! †He placed this sign on every shield and the end of the battle, he won. Not only Christianity was allowed in the empire, but made into the official religion of the Roman Empire by Theodosius in 380. Before the division of the Roman Empire, Latin was the main language of Rome for the Virgil emphasizes it as the source of Roman unity and tradition. Latin was used to write law and birth certificate. However when the empire was divided, the Eastern Roman Empire favored the language of the Greeks considering the fact that many Greeks immigrated to the Roman Empire. With the spread of Christianity, slow diffusion of the Greek language, and the divinity and unity of the empire during 100 AD through 600 AD, it had affected the Roman Empire greatly.
Sunday, July 28, 2019
From Mobilization to Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
From Mobilization to Revolution - Essay Example Nationalist sentiments among nation-states turned to the acquisition of territory and prestige which led them to imperial adventurism. Nationalism had much to do with the outbreak of World War I. The defeat of the Axis powers after the Great War also saw the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires. Many of their former territories became independent nations through treaties after the war, and the Paris Peace Conference firmly placed the principle of national self-determination and equality among nations (Columbia Encyclopedia). Napoleon was the dominating force in Europe by the end of the 18th century. The French emperor created the Confederation of the Rhine which grouped the individual German states bringing them together for the first time. This conglomeration of formerly separate states brought about a rise in nationalism which started in the northern states. After Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig by Russia, Prussia, Britain and Austria, this Confederation also collapsed. Napoleon's defeat brought about the beginning of the Congress of Vienna which was formed to restore the balance of power in Europe and ensure that France would be unable to once again expand beyond its pre-war boundaries. The countries who participated in Leipzig were the principal players in the Congress of Vienna. Lands which formerly formed part of the French Empire were partitioned among the victorious powers. Prussia traded the Grand Duchy of Warsaw for Saxony with Russia. The other powers became anxious with the growin g power of Prussia, and so it agreed to take only two-fifths of Saxony to prevent the formation of a coalition against it by the other powers. The Coalition then created the German Confederation which was similar to the Confederation of the Rhine, under the leadership of Austria. The four major powers of Russia, Prussia, Austria and Britain then became the first European Council and they would meet to discuss the keeping of peace in Europe.The Austrian prince Metternich established a co0nservative and reactionary system which effectively undermined the liberalism introduced during the age of Napoleon. Nationalistic tendencies which harked from the Confederation of the Rhine were squelched. However, liberalism began to resurface after several years of oppression from the Metternich administration. Uprisings were begun by liberals and peasants in the German states seeking reforms. The individual princes of the German states were caught unprepared by these radical movements and were fo rced to grant parliaments and constitutions, eliminating feudal structures and appointing liberal ministries. The liberal revolutionaries created the National Assembly which intended to unify the whole of Germany as a liberal and constitutional state. After disagreeing with Austria, Prussia tried to unify Germany under the klienduetsch plan which involved the unification of all German states with the exclusion of Austria and under Prussian leadership. The Assembly finalized the constitution in 1848 with King Frederick William appointed as Germany's first emperor. However, the National Assembly did not wield enough power to see its plans through and eventually Frederick cancelled the constitution and invoked his divine right to rule Germany.
Description of an advert Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Description of an advert - Essay Example The consumer marketers for the company emphasize on push strategies where their sales force convinces the retailers and dealers to carry, promote as well as sell the products of the company to the end users (Ryan & Jones, 2012). In contrast, the consumer marketers emphasizing pull strategies haveheavy reliance on advertising as well as consumer promotions in drawing customers into the stores. The aspect of tools in terms of choice is influenced through company size. The market leaders afford more advertising while using sales promotion sparingly. In contrast, smaller competitors aggressively use sales promotion (Viardot, 2004). The brand of perfume in the advertisement is Dior perfume for ladies. The product is sleek, executive and fancy targeting the segment that keeps trying new products. There are various scents denoting warmth and comfort including vanilla or sandalwood. Subsequent fragrances, like clary sage or grapefruit could awaken the senses while making the person feel rather energetic (Copper &Hiebing, 2000). The emphasis on the notes in the fragrance alongside promotes the positive feelings across all people while combining such components with original scent combinations which will ensure that curious consumers about the product try it out (Jain & Griffith, 2012). For example, adding black pepper oil to the cologne for women gives it richer and earthier scent. For this reason, the ingredient remains to be an exotic aspect that draws more customers in irrespective of the inclusion of the traditional notes such as musk within the fragrance. The advertiser is rather informative to the audience. The advertisement starts with the identification of the product or service through what it is, who buys it, at how much they pay and how much it costs for to produce it, why consumer demand for the product exists, and where the product sits as compared to similar products and services available currently. The advertisement also describes the marketplac e rationale across various differences between the product and that of competitors (Kumar, 2011). Looking at price, quality, new ideas and approaches, and how the product appeals to specific customer base, the advertisement is responsive to the existing customers as well as new customers attracted into the market. The advertisement is rather specific about the manner in which the product and subsequent service improves on the already existing, the quality control use, the post-purchase evaluation (obtaining feedback) as well as the scope of service to be provide in terms of responsibilities, expectations and liabilities. The colours used in the advertisement relate to the feminine gender. The text is soft and appetizing to the feminine gender as well. The models used in the ad are young, beautiful and aggressive to trigger a sensation brought about by the use of the product in question. In my opinion, they have been used correctly. The marketers in this case prove to be well experie nced sales executives (Mercer, 1996). Marketing in this case forms the first strength to the company’s success as well as huge competitive edge. Professionalism is also depicted in the ad and includes everything from the maintenance of confidentiality all the way to the hiring of the very best staff to deliver organisational objectives. Individual attention is based on each client's experience towards tailoring the same into a state of preference. For repeat business and
Saturday, July 27, 2019
REFLECTIVE ANALYSIS - IMPORTANCE OF INDIVIDUAL GROWTH IN Essay
REFLECTIVE ANALYSIS - IMPORTANCE OF INDIVIDUAL GROWTH IN ORGANIZATIONAL WORK PERFORMANCE - Essay Example This topic examines the importance of creating policies that enable the increasing of the capacity of existing labor force within the organization in line with the organization’s business needs. This thereby ensures that there is overall capacity to achieve set short and long-term goals and objectives. To establish this, the topic targets the issues affecting individuals’ place and meaning within the firm. How does the firm treat its members? Are the members satisfied by their current job? Are the efforts and interests of the members streamlined with those of the organizations? What is the impact where there is a mismatch and conflict between these two forces i.e. the individual and the organization? The topic draws from module studies under employee dignity, employee branding at work and talent management processes and programme development. Models in talent management will especially be useful in the arguments herein due to my perceived strong linkage between the modu le of employee dignity and branding at work (which is a representative association of employee and work performance). The models that I have focused on in addition to those in the, class modules are the Job Competency Assessment model (JAC) and the ‘high impact talent management’ model. ... A deliberate and well-designed plan must be at the core of its total business strategy as opposed to being a limited human resource function (called upon during hiring of employees and performance review process) in relational to personal working experiences. Literature review To elaborate better how the selected topic provides a point of focus for reflective analysis, a prior understanding of the key terms used is very essential. It helps avoid ambiguities and minimize assumptions that they reader might have based on prior interactions with the terms and, therefore, localizing its contextual use to within the reflective limits. Definition and differentiation of terms There has been a lack of convergence between different professions as to what exactly dignity is (Sayer, 2007). Most debates about dignity have taken to broad approaches of political (such as citizenship); social (such as mutual satisfaction and welfare) and economic (such as pride in work, autonomy and responsibility) attributes that have only served to further the gap between the definitions and make it more ambiguous than before. However, a basic elaboration based on its function would reveal that dignity is a basic property, characteristic or attribute of human beings that ably reflects their worth. Talent refers to those individuals who demonstrate highest levels of potential for positive impact in the performance of organizational tasks and responsibilities (Workitect, Inc., 2011). Collectively, it comprises a team of individuals with excellent qualifications and unique competencies which have the capacity to improve the organization’s performance significantly. Closely related to this and also fundamental to its management is talent intelligence. Talent
Friday, July 26, 2019
The way police use racial profiling is a big societal problem to how Essay
The way police use racial profiling is a big societal problem to how justice is administered - Essay Example What is even more interesting is the phenomenon related with giving jobs and amenities to a certain race or segment within the society, and this is in direct opposition to how normalcy can be understood within the domains of a society. The racial profiling measures, if undertaken by the police within a society bank on doing away with the norms that thus exist, however this is hardly the case (Greenleaf, 2007). It is important to define what racial profiling in entirety is. It is the employment of an individual’s race or ethnicity realms with the help of the law enforcement agencies or police and is indeed a vital element within the arrest of a person or to leave him as he is. The racial profiling decides if a particular individual is hailing from a distinct race or ethnicity and then to treat him in the same light. This is biased and deals with a lot of hatred for a singular race or ethnic division within the society. These decisions, when undertaken by the law enforcement age ncies and institutions or police become controversial because when one takes into consideration the element of race and ethnicity, the matter does not remain partial at all. In some countries of the world, this is contemplated as an illegal action, which many believe is a step in the right direction. The evidence that is available for the racial profiling regimes is such that it is an ineffective and futile strategy and should always be kept at a safe distance from the discussions which center on the premise of racial profiling. When one thinks of the society as a whole, the racial profiling discussions come out in the open. This is because racial profiling does not give significance to how things are dealt with, in a balanced way. The element of being partial goes out of the window, and thus this is such a nuisance that it hurts the cause of the society more than anything else. What can be done best is to keep away from the shores of racial profiling so that success amongst the jus tice domains is achieved without any hindrance whatsoever (Paxton, 2009). Therefore, there is a dire need to understand the nuances that revolve around the racial profiling debates, and much consideration should be paid towards removing the negativities that surround the systems which engulf the society in more ways than one. Justice is a much desired entity within any society of the world for quite obvious reasons. It is something that paves the way for the growth and development realms within a society and is always welcomed with a sense of purpose and achievement at the end. Justice is always appreciated by the people of the society as they know that the offenders would be taken to task, and their negative intent would be dealt with in a stern way. Peace within any society of the world could be best achieved if the offenders know that if they commit an act which is against the dictum of humanity and sanity, they would be held accountable for the same, and their acts will be banis hed in the strongest possible manner (Crystal, 2010). The deterrent to the justice debates is such an important element that one can think of the racial profiling to be totally against the very idea. The changing scenarios must therefore be understood from the angle of racial profiling as this is significant in the time and age of today. The causes for the racial pr
Thursday, July 25, 2019
Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12
Business Law - Essay Example one person to another, for example, fraud, assault, and theft. On the other hand, negligent torts entail harm committed when one fails to exercise a given level of caution (care) – a reasonable standard of care. The final category is the strict liability torts which apply quite differently from the torts of intentional and negligence. As seen in the negligence and the intentional torts, the two concerns the defendant’s culpability whereas strict liability concentrates on the act itself, regardless of the exercised level of care or the intentions. To exercise the law of tort, various sources might be consulted to maintain justice amongst the parties involved in a criminal case. Some of these sources include the concepts of Case laws and/or statutes. Statutes are established by the agent of the government, while Case laws consult the precedence of formerly ruled cases which seem to have similar line of argument and premise. Case law holds that the laws can be orally stated or put in writing. Written and properly undersigned documents provided irrefutable evidence in court. However, case law as well considers orally declared agreements, even though not put in writing; this is handled by interpreting laws or establishing new precedence in favour o f the plaintiff. Different colonies have different Common laws; for example, Case laws applying in the U.K. are quite different from the ones applying in the U.S. Jamie Clark and Joe Adam entered into a contract for services, in a very informal way. The two meets over dinner and draft the contract’s basics at the back of the menu without adding an â€Å"integration clause†which would have acted as the final draft and that only the written terms in that agreement would apply in case of dispute. Despite the fact that the two didn’t involve â€Å"integration clause,†Case law would apply, by considering the credibility of the drafted basics on the back of the menu. The elements of the basics would have to be elaborated
Wednesday, July 24, 2019
Responsibility for Violation of the Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Responsibility for Violation of the Law - Essay Example George saw Arthur approaching and said to him ‘what are you doing here you nutter.’ Arthur was incensed by this and swung a punch at George which missed George and hit Tony in the face. Tony fell off the bridge and landed on the side of the river not moving. Arthur took out the knife and told George he was going to kill him and moved forward to stab him. George ran off into the path of a bus and was killed instantly. Arthur ran away from the scene and went to Larry’s house to deliver some heroin to him as he regularly supplied him. Larry asked Arthur to prepare a syringe with the heroin which Arthur then gave to Larry who injected himself. Larry immediately had convulsions after injecting himself and fell unconscious. Arthur thought Larry was dead and decided to set fire to the house in case he got the blame. After setting fire to it, he left the house and headed home. He passed the bridge where he had been earlier and saw Tony’s body by the side of the river as no one else had noticed it. He went down to the body and thinking Tony was dead, he pushed the body into the water as he did not want Tony to be found. Tony was in fact still alive and died as a result of drowning in the river. A neighbor of Larry’s noticed the smoke and called the fire brigade and Larry was found dead in the house.  It is likely that since Arthur was acting under the influence of drugs the defense counsel for Arthur would attempt to prove automatism in order to avoid Arthur being charged with murder. Â
Tuesday, July 23, 2019
How do you pronounce your name Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
How do you pronounce your name - Essay Example When I was younger, though, I never knew the kind of impact my name would have on me. In elementary school, I was not very fond of my name. I always complained to myself how one day I would change it to Heaven. It would be easier for people to pronounce, and I would be free of hearing that overused question on a daily basis. As I grew older and matured, the views I had on my name changed drastically. I began to like the uniqueness of my name, and whenever the pause came to read my name, I was more than happy to correct the pronunciation. As I grew older and I began to fully understand why my mother would give me this name, I realized that what I had was more than just I name. I had a story to go with it. Born two months early and weighing only two pounds, it was more than a blessing for me to be alive, especially when the doctor was sure that either my mom or I was going to die during the birth. My mom, happy that we both survived, decided to name me Heavyn’le. Given the miracle that occurred the day of my birth, nothing else seemed to fit. My mom also said, â€Å"My name is so common, and I just wish that someone would have spelled my name a little different.†Therefore, to add to the uniqueness of my name, she had to add some spice to it, to make it â€Å"different.†Not only is my name unique, but it has a story behind it that has finally made me proud to bear the name that my mother blessed me with. Now that I am older, I have come to realize that my name helped make me who I am. I am able to understand why I was named Heavyn’le, and that it had not been picked on a whim but for a reason - life. I am not afraid to be different. I am constantly being told how pretty my name is, and I have even been asked if my name could be used in a short story.Â
Animal experimentation Essay Example for Free
Animal experimentation Essay Animals should not be used for drug development ormedical research. Give your views for or against thisstatement. Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments (although some research about animals involves only natural behaviors or pure observation, such as a mouse running a maze or field studies of chimp troops). The research is conducted inside universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, farms, defense establishments, and commercial facilities that provide animal-testing services to industry. [1] It includes pure research (such as genetics, developmental biology, and behavioral studies) as well as applied research (such as biomedical research, xenotransplantation, drug testing, and toxicology tests, including cosmetics testing). Animals are also used for education, breeding, and defense research. The practice is regulated to various degrees in different countries. Since Time immemorial, animals have been used to test drugs, and formedical research. Small animals such as rats, hamsters, guinea pigs,rabbits, and squirrels have been the main victims.For as long as he has existed, Man, has regarded himself as thegreatest among all sentient beings. Along with this self-proclaimed ³greatness ´ comes the arrogance and superiority complexes thatusually spoil ones character. As a result, Man has started taking hisintelligence and power for granted, plundering on through the world of redefined necessities and luxuries, leaving entire species of animalswrithing helplessly along in its wake. Man has been taking advantageof helpless little animals in many ways, the likes of which Bugs Bunnyand Jerry Mouse could never have dreamed of. Animals are cruellytreated, and forced to sacrifice themselves for the sake of tear-lessshampoo, mascara, artificial flavors, vaccines, or God-Forbid, pepperspray.Is this really fair? Do such deeds really qualify Man as  ³Gods MostImportant creature? ´ Granted, Man has invented tear-less shampoo,mascara, artificial flavors, vaccines and pepper spray, but how manyrodents has it cost nature? Mixtures intended to become tear-lessshampoos are ruthlessly poured into the animals eyes, and it is leftwrithing in pain, unable to even blink the pain out. Tear-less, indeed.Didnt Man invent the concept of equal rights for all? Didnt Manestablish himself as the just and  µall-powerful ruler of Earth? And justhow far has this claim been fulfilled?All this time, Man has asserted himself as the  µcaring ruler of Earth.Well, the time has come to show each other just how caring Man canbe, starting with our feathery/scaly/furry friends a few rungs down theLadder of Evolution.
Monday, July 22, 2019
Ppt About Forbidden City Essay Example for Free
Ppt About Forbidden City Essay 1 Introduction The Forbidden City, also called the Palace Museum, which was the imperial palace during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Forbidden City was built from 1406 to 1420 by the Yongle Emperor who was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty. The English name of the Forbidden City is a translation of its Chinese name Zijin Cheng, which means that the Forbidden City is the residence of the emperor and his family, and no one could enter or leave the palace without the emperors approval. The Forbidden City is a rectangle 961 metres from north to south and 753 metres from east to west. Besides, it consists of 980 surviving buildings with 8,886 bays of rooms. It is obviously the largest palace around the world. As the home of 24 emperors, 12 of the Ming Dynasty, and 10 of the Qing Dynasty, the palace was the political centre of China for more than 500 years, and this is one of the reasons why we interested in this topic. In the following sections, we will introduce the Forbidden City’s three main halls, The Hall of Mental Cultivation, the famous emperors and the stories of the palace, famous music about the Forbidden City, online virtual Forbidden City, and the best time to travel. 2 Descriptions 2-1 The three main halls There are three halls stand on top of a three-tiered white marble terrace of the square of the palace. They contain the Hall of Supreme Harmony (Chinese: Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ¥â€™Å'æ ® ¿), the Hall of Central Harmony(Chinese: ä ¸ å’Å'æ ® ¿), and the Hall of Preserving Harmony (Chinese: ä ¿ å’Å'æ ® ¿). The Hall of Supreme Harmony is the largest and highest level hall of the Forbidden City. Every emperor’s coronation, birthday ceremony, wedding ceremony, and other important ceremonies or political affairs had taken place in this hall. The Hall of Central Harmony is a smaller and square hall, used by the Emperor to rehearse and rest before and during ceremonies. Behind the Hall of Central Harmony, the Hall of Preserving Harmony, it was used by the emperor to banquet the nobility on every Chinese Eve, or other important festivals. In Qing Dynasty, the emperor had taken the most important imperial examinations, Dian Shi (Chinese: æ ® ¿Ã¨ © ¦) in this hall. 2-2 The Hall of Mental Cultivation The reason why we introduce this hall separately is that the Hall of Mental Cultivation is a particularly significant building of the Forbidden City of Qing Dynasty since 1722. The Hall of Mental Cultivation is well-known for the Yongzheng Emperor, who was the 5th emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and son of the Kangxi Emperor. He ruled the Chinese Empire from 1722 to 1735. During his ruling time, the emperor lived in this hall. After his death, other emperors lived in this hall continually, thus the hall had been the actual dominate centre of the Chinese Empire from 1722 to 1911, the ruin of the Qing Dynasty.
Sunday, July 21, 2019
Software to Manage the Olympic Games
Software to Manage the Olympic Games The Olympic and Paralympic Games are the worlds largest peace-time event. The modern Olympic Games were first held in Greece in 1896 and since 1960, the Paralympic Games have provided athletes with disabilities with the opportunity to compete at the highest level. All athletes are encouraged to live by a set of shared principles -the Olympic and Paralympic Values of friendship, equality, respect, courage, determination, excellence and inspiration. The Games are held every four years in a different city and in 2012 London will be hosting the Games. London started the bidding process to be a host city in 2003. Over two years the bid team put together a plan to show how the London Games would be staged. The team presented the plans to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in Singapore in 2005, along with four other competing cities. After evaluation, the IOC voted for the city that they felt was the most suitable to host the Games in 2012. London received 54 votes in the final round compared to the 50 votes awarded to Paris and so became the host city. The London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) has been set up to take responsibility for planning, organising and delivering a memorable Games in 2012. This is a huge task. The ÂÂ £2 billion needed to organise and run the Olympic and Paralympic Games has to be raised by LOCOG from the private sector. This is achieved through selling sponsorship, merchandising, broadcasting rights and tickets for events. The London 2012 Games will bring together more than 14,000 athletes from 205 countries. Spectators and sports enthusiasts will buy nine million tickets and billions of people around the world will watch the event on TV. Ensuring everything runs smoothly is a tough challenge and LOCOG cannot do it on its own. It has to work closely with many partners and stakeholders to make it happen. This case study shows how creating a clear vision and set of values has made it possible to establish clear objectives for delivering an unforgettable Games. A. Objective: Your group has been chosen to write the software required to manage the London Olympic Games 2012 from sending invitations to the participating countries/ teams , managing the facilities, tracking the events , recording the results and finally keeping track of the results and the performance of the participants etc. B. Your Tasks and Deliverables:- Identify the major tasks to be carried out. Identify the order the tasks have to be developed. Can some tasks be done in parallel (at the same time) or serially (one task must finish before the next task starts) and break down the major tasks to the lower levels (as far as work package). Identify any special tasks (tasks which need specialists). Identify any major risks that could affect the delivery of the project or cause to exceed the project budget, time scale or increase the required resource. Construct a risk assessment table that will rate the impact of each risk that you identify. Recommend ways to provide for the risks after a careful analysis. Use your initiative to determine how long jobs take to Include the critical path analysis to demonstrate the beginning to end of the project and identify where there may be problems. Include the milestones. Determine the labour costs and provide a WBS containing these costs. The WBS should also content a set of estimates that are mirrored on the WBS and should be capable of rolling-up to demonstrate the overall cost of the project and the individual cost of each sub deliverable. Use the different project evaluation techniques done in the class to evaluate the economic feasibility of the project. Consider all the strategic issues arising out of the project success( and failure !) Consider all the technical issues arising from this project.
Saturday, July 20, 2019
Beneath the Smooth Skin of America Essay -- Scott R. Sanders Literatur
Beneath the Smooth Skin of America Change is something you are probably familiar with. In â€Å"Beneath the Smooth Skin of America,†Scott R. Sanders talks about many changes in his life. The author starts the story looking throw the eyes of himself as a child. As a child he remembers that all that was in his sight was all he could see. The author’s best example of this is he says, †Neighbors often appeared†¦where they came from I could not imagine†(27). As the author begins to see more by leaving the area he was around so often he starts to see more and more things. He started moving around to different places and started seeing the things that he had not see before. The author points out many things that he began to see like the stores around the town and the different colors of places. The smell of the certain area over the one smell he was used to. In his travels to the south he noticed the bathrooms signs in the south read, â€Å"Colored†and â€Å"White.†All these d ifferent changes made his world seen bigger and bigger. As the author got out more the more world started to irritate him. The author’s relatives, who lived in the southern states, helped the author to think of himself as, â€Å"A Northerner†(p.28). After leaving for college in Rhode Island he explains that in his college days he thought of himself as a â€Å"Midwesterner.†The other students of his college, using the stereotype, made fun of him and the way he acted. â€Å"I was square, my new friends assured me†(p.28). This ...
substance and economics :: essays research papers
SUBSTANCE AND ECONOMICS Â Â Â Â Â Culture is a learned reaction, this human survival trait gives us a way to colonize and adapt to our environment. With out this key element, adaptation becomes complicated, and our species will die off. Archeologist have dug and scraped away the dirt, rocks and mud to bring us a glimpse of the past. Their fieldwork has shown us how we, as a whole, have biologically adapted to suit our modern needs in the environment that our ancestors have lived in. In addition, they also tell us how we have changed the natural environment as the population has increased in size. This brings us to substance and economics, a basic foundation in which a culture can survive. The definition of economics is reacting to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. For the definition of substance I have found two that compliment this cross-cultural comparison. One is ?material possessions, wealth, and property?. The second definition is ?that which gives stability or solidarity, confidence, and ground.? These definitions are not only evident in today?s modern social infrastructures but also evident in cultures of the past and the social order in other countries. We have come to understand that there are four ways to sustain a community that our evolution process has brought us to. These ways are hunting and gathering, fishing and gardening, herding, and agriculture. The longest known survival method is hunting and gathering. This course of action was a main part of the old stone culture known as the Paleolithic period when hominids walked the land. They would gather berries, seeds, wild fruits, vegetables and even hunted wild game in the area. This type of practice is still used today in Africa and other parts of the world. Similarly, the Yiwara, who inhabit the heart of the Gibson Desert, have a lifestyle adapted to this arid environment. In the desert, there is no regular seasonal pattern of food-collecting, because there are no predictable seasons when plants can be expected to ripen. Thus, opportunistic movement towards rainfall and known water catchments spots also known as billabongs characterizes the subsistence of the Yiwara. Large game constitutes only a small part of the Yiwara diet, which is largely vegetarian. Lizards, rabbits provide most of the protein and are collected by everyone. Even these small animals are divided and shared among kin. Individual portions may be barely a mouthful, but nothing is wasted.
Friday, July 19, 2019
Redstorm Rising Book Report :: essays research papers
Red Storm Rising is a book about the Soviet Union and Russia's attempt to overtake the Atlantic so they can launch an offensive against the United States of America and maybe other NATO countries such as England and Germany. Â Â Â Â Â The story begins in 1980 at a very productive but old, Soviet oil refinery in Nizhnevartovsk. The refinery is blown up by Islamic terrorists that hope to be 'heard' by their God Allah by commiting this violent action. The devestation of the refinery leads Russia into chaos with a much smaller supply of oil. The story escalates as the Russian army makes a push on Iraq to gain control over the precious oil fields to setup refineries and also an attack on Iceland. Conquering Iceland is an important step because this allows the Russians to reach farther into the Atlantic and possibly into North America with their aircraft. The Russian's greed for land control is immense and they are desperate for more resources and materials to manage more war campaigns. The Soviet Union soon decides that to gain ultimate power, Russian military must first cripple NATO and start the worst non-nuclear war imaginable. Â Â Â Â Â This book is unique because the story is told through many different character's points of view. Tom Clancy tells the story through eyes of NATO and Russian naval captains who command both surface and underwater boats. Most of the character's actions would seem reasonable at war time, making the story realistic. Almost every chapter in the book takes place in a different location during the war, on both the Russian and NATO fronts of battle.
Thursday, July 18, 2019
The Impact of Weak System Security
In addition to this, it is not just the organization itself that can feel the brunt of the impact of weak security. Employees whose responsibility it is to ensure that there are no weaknesses an also be hit hard. Generally, it is up to managers to ensure that there are no weaknesses in a systems security; or at least to reduce the risk of negative impact/damage on the company. This means that if there is a major weakness is found in the system of an organization, managers could lose their jobs as a result of negligence etc.This then puts the managers in a situation where they are losing money, not just the company. Loss of Customers- Weak system security can also result in the loss of customers as people will not want to use a business that has problems with their security s their personal details or information may be at risk. For example, if a bank has a weakness in its security, and this weakness is exploited by hackers; then customers' information may be stolen and used to purcha se goods under their name.This goes against the organization's key responsibilities to its customers as they have a responsibility to keep their customers data safe and hidden from unrestricted access. This means that if people's data is stolen or lost then they will more than likely move to a rival organization where they think that their data will be safer. This will result in the loss of customers from the company and a massive lost in trust; possibly resulting in the loss of jobs as there aren't enough customers to make a profit for the company.Increased Costs- An increase in costs can also be incurred from the weakness in a systems security. This can be caused as a result Of needing a specialist engineer etc to come in to the company to see where the weakness in the systems security is. This may cost a lot of money as it is; and more money will need to be spent in order to get another specialist to come out and fix the problems that are there. In addition to this, customers may wish to receive mom sort of compensation as payment for the information that the company has lost about them. Or Image- A poor company image can be another nasty effect of weak system security. If a major company has even one or two system weaknesses it can reflect very badly on its image as people will start to lose trust in the overall protection that the company offers to its customers. A poor company image can have a massive impact on the ability for a company to make enough money to actually make a profit on the goods they are making/selling. A poor image may then result in the loss of customers and earnings from the many.It is therefore vital that the company ensures that there are no weaknesses in its security so that their company image stays strong. All of the above impacts can be related to the organizations key responsibilities to their Customers. The Organization has a massive responsibility to ensure that all of their customers' personal data is kept secure, and that o nly the people who are authorized to access it are able to and only at the right times. This links in with the data protection act of 1998, as companies must provide suitable means of protecting customers' data.
Wednesday, July 17, 2019
Reardon v. U.S. Essay
spleen on real belongings created by CERCLA when environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determines that proportion proprietors whitethorn be presumable for killing cost marrows to deprivation of a fundamental extend pursual within kernel of the collect dish cla expenditure. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and indebtedness good turn of 1980, 107(l ), as amended, 42 U.S.C.A. 9607(l ) U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 5.Absence of nonice and figureing whitethorn be justified by repetitive circumstances. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 5.92k251.5 k. Procedural Due Process in frequent. Most Cited CasesConstitution separatelyows the work on collect to be tailored to add realities of the situation. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 5. *1510 Lynn Wright, with whom redbreast F. Price and Edwards and Angell, New York City, were on auxiliary skeleton, for complainants, appellants. George W. Van Cleve, Deputy Asst. Atty. Gen., with whom Barry Hartman, Asst. Atty. Gen., Washington, D.C., Wayne A. Budd, U.S. Atty., George B. Henderson, II, Asst. U.S. Atty., Boston, Mass., Stephen L. Samuels, Steve C. Gold, Jacques B. Gelin, Attys., Dept. of rightness, Charles Openschowski, Office of Gen. Counsel, E.P.A. and Luis Rodriguez, Asst. regional Counsel, E.P.A., Washington, D.C., were on supplemental brief, for defendants, appellees.OPINION EN BANCTORRUELLA, Circuit Judge.After removing hazardous substances from position belonging to the Reardons, EPA filed a distinguish of irascibility on the bet on for the amount spent. gibe 42 U.S.C. 9607(l ). The Reardons sued to feeling the flock of quick temper withdraw, arguing that they were non conceivable for the straighting be, that the irascibility wasoverex decennarysive in that it covered parcels non acquired in the clean-up, and that the file of the spleen nonice without a auditory modality strip them of proportion without ascribable touch on. The regularize hookyard, in Reardon v. united verbalises, 731 F.Supp. 558 (D.Mass.1990), checkd that it did not view as effective power to hear the Reardons twain statutory deeds. It command that although legal power existed to hear the positive hold, the file of a irascibility did not amount to a victorious of a solid retention relate saved by the due attend to clause.It because denied the Reardons motion for a preliminary prohibition, and ignore their electric charge. The Reardons appealed and a panel of this court ruled in their favor on statutory grounds. Reardon v. joined States, 922 F.2d 28 ( maiden Cir.1990) (withdrawn). We now contemplate the appeal en banc. After sanitary controling applicable integrity, including most notably the new-fangled typeface of Connecticut v. Doehr, 501 U.S. 1, 111 S.Ct. 2105, one hundred fifteen L.Ed.2d 1 (1991), we come together that the territory court aright settled that it did not confine jurisdiction to consider the Reardons statutory claims, just n ow we come crosswise that the CERCLA irascibility trainings do pause the fifth part amendment due bidding clause.I. infrastateA. Facts. In 1979, Paul and John Reardon purchased a 16-acre parcel in Norwood, milliampere, adjacent to an electric automobile equipment manucircumstanceuring proposalt come out *1511 known as the Grant incline site, and named it Kerry belongings. In 1983, the Massachusetts De break offment of Environmental Quality Engineering, responding to a report of a nearby resident, tested mark samples from both properties and discovered exceedingly high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the Grant deposet over site and on Kerry purport where it contact Grant Gear. EPA then investigated the site. Finding the equivalent high levels of PCBs, it authorized an conterminous clean-up of the contaminate argonas. Between June 25 and August 1, 1983, EPA take a dash 518 tons of contaminated dirty word from the twain properties. It then notifie d the Reardons that it had removed all soil with concentrations of PCBs known to be above the safe limit, still aw be them that additional beas of defilement take outon exist, in which case EPA might nethertake additional clean-up work. In 1984, the Reardons subdivided Kerry Place into a number of parcels they sold tail fin of those parcels and retained self-possession of the others.In October 1985, EPA notified the Reardons that, as current owners of Kerry Place, they might be liable infra 106and 107 of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability manage (CERCLA), 42 U.S.C. 9606 & 9607, along with ten other present and anterior owners of the properties, for the clean-up cost. In August 1987, EPA again investigated the properties to assess the feasibleness of a long-term improve for each remaining contamination. New testing showed that soil in around(prenominal) atomic number 18as on Kerry Place was settle down contaminated with PCBs. In April 1988, EPA advised the Reardons of these results. The Reardons told EPA that they think to clean up their property themselves. EPA advised the Reardons to coordinate every offsite organization plans with EPA and to obtain EPAs approval of a treatment or disposal facility.In January 1989, the Reardons in mannikined EPA that they had consummate their own clean-up of Kerry Place, without having act coordination with or sought the approval of EPA. On March 23, 1989, EPA filed a government note of quick temper with the Norfolk County Registry of Deeds pursuant to 107(l ) of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. 9607(l ), on all of the Kerry Place parcels still owned by the Reardons. The short temper was for an unspecified amount, as it inexpugnabled payment of all costs and alter covered by 42 U.S.C. 9607(l ) for which the Reardons were liable on a lower floor 107(a) of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. 9607(a). fivesome days later, EPA notified the Reardons that it had filed the notice of irascibili ty. On July 12, 1989, EPA informed the Reardons that they could settle EPAs claims against them for $336,709, but remark that this amount did not limit the Reardons rate-so liability. On September 29, 1989, EPA selected a long-term remedy for the Kerry Place and Grant Gear sites estimated to cost $16,100,000. B. Procedural History.The Reardons filed a complaint and a motion for preliminary injunction in the United States District address for the District of Massachusetts. They argued that they were entitled to pay back the notice of irascibility removed for three creators. First, the Reardons maintained that they qualified as straightforward landowners down the stairs 107(b) of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. 9607(b), and therefore were not liable for every clean-up costs. Second, 42 U.S.C. 9607(l ) leads for a short temper on sole(prenominal) that property survey to or affected by a remotion or curative sue, 42 U.S.C. 9607(l )(1)(B) the Reardons claim that since some of thei r Kerry Place parcels were not subject to or affected by the clean-up, EPA erred in filing a notice of spleen covering all of those parcels.Third, they take a firm stand that EPAs imposition of the quick temper without a hearing victimized the due regale clause ofthe fifth amendment to the United States Constitution. The district court held that 113(h) of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. 9613(h), unca captured it of jurisdiction to hear the Reardons barren landowner and overbroad lien claims. It appoint that the like partitioning also purported to loot it of jurisdiction to hear the due change claim, but held that copulation was without power to maneuver such(prenominal)(prenominal) a limitation on its jurisdiction. Turning to the merits of the due surgical work on claim, the *1512 district court held that the lien obligate by 107(l ) did not amount to a taking of a authoritative property interest protected by the due process clause.The court therefore denied the motion for a preliminary injunction and dismissed the complaint. The Reardons appealed, and a panel of this court nominate in their favor. The panel conviction construed 9613(h) so as to permit juridical check into of the statutory repugns to the lien, and did not reach the due process snub. In reception to EPAs solicit for rehearing, however, a majority of the court voted to countenance a rehearing en banc. Although the court en banc fancys for the complainants, as did the panel, we do so on built-in or else than statutory grounds.II. JURISDICTION1 We turn jump to the incertitude of jurisdiction. The district court, as we have noted, held that 42 U.S.C. 9613(h) purported to divest it of jurisdiction over all three of the Reardons claims. We agree that 9613(h) forgets redirect examination of the innocent landowner and overbroad lien claims, anterior to the commencement of an performment or observey live up to, but we conclude that this section does not block off canvas s of the due process claim. separate 9613(h), entitled Timing of retrospect, explicitly limits the jurisdiction of the national courts to hear certain(p)(p) cases arising chthonic CERCLA. The section states, in part No federal court shall have jurisdiction at a lower place Federal law to criticism each altercates to remotion or alterative consummation selected under section 9604 of this title, or to round off any order bulge outd under section 9606(a) of this title, in any perform except iodin of the following listing 5 enumerated types of actions 42 U.S.C. 9613(h).The five exceptions to the jurisdictional cake atomic number 18 all actions filed by the presidential term or by a surreptitious citizen look foring to enforce or recover costs for the enforcement of CERCLA for this reason, the district court set forth 9613(h) as obstructring juridical look backward of EPA actions prior to the cartridge clip that the EPA or a thirdparty undertakes a legal action to enforce an order or to anticipate convalescence of costs for the kill of a hazardous waste site. Reardon v. United States, 731 F.Supp. at 564 n. 8. As a at rest shorthand, we go out say that 9613(h) bars pre-enforcement recapitulation of certain claims. The district court border the question of jurisdiction as whether the filing of a lien constituted a removal or curative action selected under section 9604 of this title. As the district court noted, the damage removal and therapeutic action are defined terms under the CERCLA principle. 42 U.S.C. 9601(23), (24). Another CERCLA preparation says that these terms include enforcement activities related thereto. 42 U.S.C. 9601(25) (emphasis added).The court found that placing a lien on property from which hazardous substances had been removed was a type of enforcement bodily process. It therefore reason out that any challenge the Reardons could move in, whether statutory or underlying, was a challenge to a remova l or curative action over which congress intend it not to have jurisdiction unless and until EPA brought an enforcement action. Reardon v. United States, 731 F.Supp. at 569. A. Jurisdiction over the innocent landowner and overbroad lien claims. We agree with the district court that filing a lien notice is a type of enforcement activity related to a removal or curative action. And we agree that 9613(h) bars the federal courts from hearing pre-enforcement challenges to the merits of any finical lienchallenges, for example, to the liability which a lien secures, or to the conformity of that lien to the CERCLA lien provender. several(prenominal) considerations lead to these conclusions. First, we think that the address of the law, represent for its ordinary mean valueing, supports such an insureation.Central to the spotless CERCLA strategy is a provision that makes certain parties liable for the cost of removal and curative actions. confabulate 42 U.S.C. 9607(a). When the disposal files a lien on property to secure payment of that liability, it can reasonably be described as involveking to enforce the liability *1513 provision. Thus, the activity of filing liens is, in ordinary speech communication, an enforcement activity. Second, we believe that allowing challenges to the merits of particular liens would thrashing some of the figures of barring pre-enforcement review under 9613(h). sexual relation was no doubt dividing line sectored, first and foremost, that clean-up of substances that endanger public health would be surviveed if EPA were forced to litigate each detail of its removaland remedial plans sooner implementing them. Thus, the Senate tribunal Committee report card utter that 9613(h) prohibit pre-enforcement review because such review would be a epoch-making obstructer to the implementation of receipt actions and the use of administrative orders. Pre-enforcement review would lead to grand pr regular(a)t in providing clea nups, would increase result costs, and would monish settlement and voluntary cleanups. S.Rep. No. 11, 99th Cong., beginning(a) Sess. 58 (1985).As long as the remedy upon review of a lien was bound to the invalidation or variety of the lien, of course, such review would not direct delay clean-up of hazardous substances. However, we do not believe that avoiding delay was the only purpose of postponing review. As the Fifth Circuit declared in a similar case Although review in the case at hand would not delay true cleanup of hazardous wastes, it would force the EPAagainst the wishes of sexual congressto engage in piecemeal judicial proceeding and use its resources to protect its rights to recover from any possiblely trustworthy party filing such an action. . . . . . more(prenominal)over, the crazy-quilt judicial proceeding that could result from allowing potentially responsible parties to file declaratory judgment actions prior to the initiation of government cost recovery act ions could force the EPA to inhabit in tenacious results. Voluntary Purchasing Groups, Inc. v. Reilly, 889 F.2d 1380, 1390 (5th Cir.1989). The aforementioned(prenominal) practical considerations weigh against allowing pre-enforcement review in this case. And we add to these reasons one more than tuition learned to decide legal challenges to liens whitethorn not be functional at the conviction such challenges are made. To decide, for example, the Reardons claim that they are innocent landowners, a court mustiness determine whether the contamination pre-dated their ownership whether they had any knowledge or reason to know of the contamination whether they had exercised due make do with respect to the hazardous substances and whether they took precautions to pr military issue releases by fore lift upable acts of third parties. curb 42 U.S.C. 9607(a), (b)(3), EPA Supplemental Brief, at 16-17 (stressing complexity of resolving power innocent landowner claim).Notices of lien s are in all likelihood to be filed early in the excite of a response action suddenly after EPA has begun to spend money on waste removal and thelandowner has been notified of potential responsibility. See 42 U.S.C. 9607(l ) (providing for creation and filing of liens). At that point, EPA is in all probability not insofar to know the full extent of the contamination, let alone when that contamination occurred, or whether it is possible that the owner exercised due care or took reasonable precautions. one and only(a) purpose of 9613(h), we believe, is to delay review until enough is known to decide these issues. Third, legislative history supports the view that 9613(h) is mean to bar challenges to liability, such as the Reardons seek to make by attacking the lien filing, as well as challenges to the remedy EPA has chosen. During floor debate on this section, Senator Thurmond, death chair of the Judiciary Committee, which drafted the section, explained Citizens, including potentially responsible parties, cannot seek review of the response action or their potential liability for a response action other than in a oblige for contributionunless the suit locomote within one of the categories in this section. 132 Cong.Rec. S14929 (daily ed. Oct. 3, 1986) (emphasis added). Senator Stafford, *1514 Chairman of the Conference Committee, stated When the impression of a lawsuit involves the contesting of the liability of the complainant for cleanup costs, the courts are to apply the provisions of section 113(h), delaying such challenges until the Government has filed a suit. 132 Cong.Rec. S14898 (daily ed. Oct. 3, 1986) (emphasis added).It is certainly possible that Congress unknowingly quite a than purposefully included lien challenges in the judicial review bar. Congress amended the scope of removal and remedial actions to include enforcement activities related thereto in the beginning to ensure that EPA could recover costs for enforcement actions taken against responsible parties. H.R.Rep. No. 253(I), 99th Cong., 2d Sess. 66-67, reprinted in 1986 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 2835, 2848-49 see H.R.Conf.Rep. No. 962, 99th Cong., 2d Sess. 185, reprinted in 1986 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 3276, 3278 (This amendment clarifies and confirms that enforcement activity costs are recoverable from responsible parties.). Perhaps Congress did not fancy that other provisions referring to removal and remedial actionssuch as the judicial review barwould also be affected. that fifty-fifty if this were so, we do not see how our conclusion is altered.First, as outlined above, read the rule to bar review of pre- enforcement challenges to liens is consistent with the language and the purpose of the judicial bar. Second, and more importantly,Congress amended a definitional section, so changing the meaning of removal and remedial wherever they appear in CERCLA. We cannot award the definition inconsistent readings within the order. As the above-q uoted legislative history makes clear, the 1986 amendment was certainly intended to allow the government to collect attorneys fees in cost recovery actions. See United States v. Ottati & Goss, 694 F.Supp. 977, 997 (D.N.H.1988) (allowing attorneys fees to United States under 9607(a)(4)(A)), affd in part, vacated in part, 900 F.2d 429 (initiatory Cir.1990).If liens to ensure the governments complete recovery of its remedial costs are not enforcement activities related to the removal or remedial actionthe view suggested by the dissentthen we do not see how a suit to recover the governments clean up costs is an enforcement activity either. And if enforcement activities in 9601(25) is understand to exclude the expenses of cost recovery actions, this would have the effect of denying the government significant amounts of attorneys fees which was certainly not the emotional state of Congress. We therefore conclude, as did the district court, that 9613(h) disallows judicial review of the imposition of a lien until EPA commences an enforcement action. 2B. Jurisdiction over the due process claim. Unlike the district court, however, we do not believe that 9613(h) prohibits federal court jurisdiction over the Reardons due process claim. First, such a challenge does not fit into the literal language of 9613(h). That section refers to challenges to removal or remedial action selected under section 9604 of this title. Under our reading, it divests federal courts of jurisdiction over challenges to EPAs administration of the writtenclaims that EPA did not select the proper removal or remedial action, in light of the standards and constraints formal by the CERCLA canons. The Reardons due process claim is not a challenge to the way in which EPA is administering the regulation it does not concern the merits of any particular removal or remedial action.Rather, it is a challenge to the CERCLA polity itselfto a statutory end under which the government is authorize d to file lien notices without any hearing on the robustness of the lien. Second, we read 9613(h) in light of the unconditional solicits oft-repeated pronouncement that where Congress intends to preclude judicial review of innateclaims its intent to do so must be clear. Webster v. Doe, 486 U.S. 592, 603, 108 S.Ct. 2047, 2053-54, 100 L.Ed.2d 632 (1988) see Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749, 95 S.Ct. 2457, 45 L.Ed.2d 522 (1975) *1515 Johnson v. Robison, 415 U.S. 361, 94 S.Ct. 1160, 39 L.Ed.2d 389 (1974). FN1We do not believe that the codified expresses a clear congressional intent to preclude the type of constitutional claim the Reardons are makinga challenge to several statutory provisions which form part of CERCLA. However, it is important to make clear that we are not dimension that all constitutional challenges involving CERCLA collide with outside the scope of 9613(h). A constitutional challenge to EPA administration of the polity may be subject to 9613(h)s strictures . Such a claim may well be a challenge to removal or remedial action selected under section 9604 of this title, and may thus fall within 9613(h)s bar. We find only that a constitutional challenge to the CERCLA order is not covered by 9613(h).FN1. Of course, 9613(h) is styled as a provision that merely delays review, rather than precludes itindeed, it is titled Timing of review. However, the only available review of the lien notice is in an enforcement action brought by EPA and the judgment in that enforcement action leave render hash out the Reardons due-process-based request for injunctive relief against the filing of the lien, since it will decide whether or not the Reardons are liable under CERCLA. Hence, the effect of 9613(h) is to preclude review altogether.Third, extending jurisdiction to the Reardons due process claim does not necessarily prevail counter to the purposes underlying 9613(h). For example, closing of the due process issue does not train any informatio n that is not likely to be available until clean-up of a site is finished. Because it is a purely legal issue, its resolution in a pre-enforcement proceeding does not have the potential to force EPA to bear inconsistent results (as would a finality, for example, that a particular spill was caused by an act of God). Of course, if we decide that filing a notice of a CERCLA lien without any pre- enforcement review does violate due process, EPAs collection efforts will no doubt be hampered. However, we do not lightly assume that Congress intended to ease EPAs travel plan counterbalance at the expense ofviolating the Constitution. Fourth, although the two courts that have considered this issue have reached a different conclusion, see Barmet Aluminum Corp. v. Reilly, 927 F.2d 289, 293 (6th Cir.1991) to the south Macomb Disposal Authority v. U.S.E.P.A., 681 F.Supp. 1244, 1249-51 (E.D.Mich.1988), we are unregenerate by the cerebrate of those cases. Our racket commences with the exp ress of the issue to be distinguishable.Both courts tack the question as whether 9613(h) prohibits constitutional as well as statutory challenges until the epoch prescribed by the law. southbound Macomb, 681 F.Supp. at 1249-50 see Barmet, 927 F.2d at 292. We think that this question fails to make the distinction we have noted above, see pp. 1514-1515, supra, between two types of constitutional challengeschallenges to EPAs administration of CERCLA, and challenges to CERCLA itself. Once we choose this distinction, the reasoning of these two courts becomes less convincing. First, says the South Macomb court, indicant the language of 9613(h) for its everyday meaning supports the model that this subsection prohibits constitutional as well as statutory challenges until the time prescribed by the mandate. The provision explicitly states that federal courts shall not have jurisdiction to review any challenge except for those enumerated. South Macomb, 681 F.Supp. at 1249-50.But, t he mandate does not bar any challenge, without qualification rather, it delays federal court review of any challenges to removal or remedial action selected under section 9604 of this title. 42 U.S.C. 9613(h). Because a due process challenge to the CERCLA lien provisions is not, we believe, a challenge to removal or remedial action selected under section 9604 of this title, we do not find that the everyday meaning of 9613(h) divests the federal courts of jurisdiction to hear such a challenge. Both the Barmet and South Macomb courts contend that legislative history folk and Senate states, and House Judiciary Committee Hearings suggests that Congress intended 9613(h) to bar all pre-enforcement challenges, including all *1516 constitutional challenges.Upon examination, we find these materials unconvincing as well. The Senate Report states, in part As several courts have noted, the scheme and purposes of CERCLA would be disrupted by affording review of orders or response actions pr ior to commencement of a government enforcement or cost recovery action. See, e.g., solitary smart Steering Committee v. EPA, 600 F.Supp. 1487 (D.N.J.1985) . These casescorrectly interpret CERCLA with regard to the unavailability of pre-enforcement review. This amendment 9613(h) is to expressly recognize that pre-enforcement review would be a significant obstacle to the implementation of response actions and the use of administrative orders. Pre- enforcement review would lead to considerable delay in providing cleanups, would increase response costs, and would discourage settlements and voluntary cleanups. S.Rep. No. 11, 99th Cong., 1st Sess. 58 (1985).We see nothing in this discussion which would indicate an intent to divest federal courts of jurisdiction to consider a claim that the provisions of CERCLA itself authorize deprivations of property without due process of law. On the contrary, the commendation to review of orders or response actions suggests that the writers of th e Senate Report focused their concern on the problems that would make grow if courts reviewed the merits of particular EPA actions. Both Barmet and South Macomb conquer great weight to the Senate Reports citation with approval of Lone pine, a case decided before 9613(h) was enacted, which they say held that CERCLA did not allow pre- enforcement review even of constitutional challenges. We think there are good reasons to discount this citation.For one thing, the 13-page opinion in Lone Pine contains no discussion of the question whether constitutional challenges to the statute as well as challenges to administrative action are barred one can only infer that the Lone Pine court held this view from the facts that (1) the plaintiffs complaint had one constitutional count alongside six statutory counts, and (2) the court dismissed the entire complaint. In fact, Lone Pine cites Aminoil, Inc. v. EPA, 599 F.Supp. 69, 72 (C.D.Cal.1984), the ahead(p) case property that CERCLA did not bar jurisdiction to review constitutional challenges to the statute and it does so, not to indicate any dis compact with that holding, but simply to agree with its holding that CERCLA does bar pre-enforcement review of administrative orders. See Lone Pine, 600 F.Supp. at 1497.For another thing, the Senate Report does not cite Lone Pine for the proposition that federal courts have no jurisdiction to hear constitutional challenges rather, it cites it just as an example of a theme of cases, sub silentio holding that review of orders or response actions would disrupt the purposes of CERCLA. We do not see why this should indicate agreement with Lone Pines purported holding regarding constitutional challenges,particularly since cases such as Aminoil would seem to fit just as easily into the group of cases described in the Report.We do not find the House Report any more convincing. The liable(p) passage in that Report, according to Barmet and South Macomb, is a narration that there is no right of judicial review of the decision makers selection and implementation of response actions until after the response actions have been completed. H.R.Rep. No. 253(I), 99th Cong., 2d Sess. 81, reprinted in 1986 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 2835, 2863. See Barmet, 927 F.2d at 293 (quoting this passage) South Macomb, 681 F.Supp. at 1250 (same).This statement says nothing about judicial review of the CERCLA statute itself. South Macomb also cites affidavit of EPA and Justice discussion section officials during hearings on the bill that contained 9613(h). In response to a wonder from Representative Glickman as to whether EPA and the Justice Department might accept some form of accelerated pre-enforcement review, Mr. Habicht, the Assistant Attorney General for Land and Natural Resources, replied Mr. Chairman, briefly, this issue has been litigated under the 1980 statute *1517 sort of extensively, and there have been a number of decisions over the lead several months that addre ss the fundamental questions of the constitutionality of the procedures set forth in that law. Virtually across the board now the courts are finding that the scheme is constitutional as presently constituted. Superfund Reauthorization Judicial and Legal Issues, Hearings before the Subcomm. on Admin. Law and Governmental Relations, H. of Rep. Judiciary Comm., 99th Cong., 1st Sess. at 226 (July 17, 1985) see South Macomb, 681 F.Supp. at 1250 (quoting this passage).The South Macomb court comments Our reading of this step in is that the EPA and the Department of Justice took the position that because the courts had already upheld the constitutionality of CERCLA, constitutional challenges could also await EPA enforcement actions. Id. We do not find this passage quite so clear. It would appear to be an aspect of hope by EPA and the Department of Justice rather than a statement of congressional intent, particularly in light of the fact that Congress passed a provision, 9613(h), that by its language does not bar constitutional challenges to the CERCLA statute.Finally, the unconditional courtroom recently examined a statute with a judicial review provision not unlike the CERCLA section study here. At issue in McNary v. Haitian Refugee Center, Inc., 498 U.S. 479, 111 S.Ct. 888, 112L.Ed.2d 1005 (1991), was a provision of the immigration and Nationality Act barring judicial review of a demurral of Special Agriculture doer (SAW) perspective except in the context of a deportation order. The statute states There shall be no administrative or judicial review of a purpose respecting an application for adjustment of status under this section except in accordance with this subsection. 8 U.S.C. 1160(e) (as amended by the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986).The courtroom held that this bar did not preclude review of general collateral challenges to unconstitutional practices and policies used by the agency in processing applications. McNary, 111 S.Ct. at 896. R ather, it only barred review of individualistic denials of SAW status. Id. The statute in McNary resembles the CERCLA provision at issue here in two respects. First, as here, judicial review of an administrative event is withheld until the agency instigates a second, independent proceeding. More significantly, the immigration statute is phrased so as to bar review of the agencys determination of SAW status in an individual actionan event corresponding to EPAs selection of a removal or remedial action, which is the focus of the CERCLA bar. uncomplete statute mentions the availability of review of a constitutional challenge to the statute itself (as here) or to the agencys execution of the statute (as in McNary ).Insofar as the Immigration and Nationality Act compares to CERCLA, we think that the holding in McNary supports our conclusion here. See also Johnson v. Robinson, 415 U.S. 361, 367, 94 S.Ct. 1160, 1165-66, 39 L.Ed.2d 389 (1974) (holding that similar jurisdictional bar precl uded review only of administration of statute, not of challenge to statute itself) cf. Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749, 762, 95 S.Ct. 2457, 2465, 45 L.Ed.2d 522 (1975) (holding that more expansive language barred all challenges related to statute). Thus, we conclude that we have jurisdiction to consider the Reardons due process claim that the CERCLA statutory scheme under which liens may be imposed on property without hazard for a hearing violates the fifth amendment due process clause.III. THE DUE PROCESS CLAIM4 The lordly hook has established a two-part compendium of due process challenges to statutes which, like this one, involve property rather than liberty interests. One must first ask whether the statute authorizes the taking of a significant property interest protected by the fifthamendment. E.g., Fuentes v. Shevin, 407 U.S. 67, 86, 92 S.Ct. 1983, 1997, 32 L.Ed.2d 556 (1972). If there is no significant property interest mixed, the doubt is at an end. If there is, one consequence to examine what process is due in the particular circumstances. *1518 E.g., id. Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S.Ct. 893, 903, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976). We shall address each issue in turn. A. The Deprivation. The district court, relying primarily on Spielman- Fond, Inc. v. Hansons, Inc., 379 F.Supp. 997 (D.Ariz.1973) (three sample panel), affd mem., 417 U.S. 901, 94 S.Ct. 2596, 41 L.Ed.2d 208 (1974), found that the filing of a federal lien under 42 U.S.C. 9607(l ) did not amount to a deprivation of a significant property interest thus, the court did not reach the second step of the analysis.However, a Supreme address case decided after the district court had issued its decision (indeed, after oral argument at the en banc rehearing of this appeal) has clarified the law in this area considerably, and has precluded continued corporate trust on the Courts digest affirmance in Spielman-Fond. In Connecticut v. Doehr, 501 U.S. 1, 111 S.Ct. 2105, 115 L.Ed.2d 1 (199 1), a unanimous Court held that a Connecticut fastening statute violated the due process clause. The Court held that the attachment lien on plaintiff Doehrs real property take him of a significant property interest within the meaning of the due process clause.The Court stated For a property owner like Doehr, attachment usually clouds title impairs the ability to sell or otherwise alienate the property taints any credit rating reduces the chance of obtaining a home equity give or additional mortgage and can even place an existing mortgage in technical default where there is an insecurity clause. Doehr, 501 U.S. at -, 111 S.Ct. at 2113. It concluded that even the temporary or partial impairments to property rights that attachments, liens, and similar encumbrances entail are equal to merit due process safeguard. Id. (emphasis added).And, in a footnote, it sell of its summary affirmance in Spielman-Fond by noting that a summary disposition does not enjoy the full precedential c omfort of a case argued on the merits and disposed of by a written opinion. Id. at - n. 4, 111 S.Ct. at 2113 n. 4 (citing Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 671, 94 S.Ct. 1347, 1359-60, 39 L.Ed.2d 662 (1974)). See also id. at -, 111 S.Ct. at 2113 (Rehnquist, C.J., concurring) (Spielman-Fond should not be read to mean that the imposition of a lien is not a deprivation of a significant interest inproperty).Whether the response costs were incurred consistently with the national contingency plan is an issue which may be highly factual, but it is usually a field of the amount, and not the existence, of liability. More likely to be highly factual is the determination whether certain of the owners parcels of land are subject to or affected by EPAs response action. Similarly, on the issue of the landowners liability, EPA admits in its brief that the concepts of due care, foreseeability, objective and subjective knowledge, some of which are unique in CERCLA to the innocent landowner defense, are extremely fact-intensive. EPA appurtenant Brief at 16-17. Second, we must consider what procedural safeguards, if any, CERCLA provides against erroneous filing of a lien. a. The right to a judicial hearing. CERCLA provides no such safeguards.It provides for no pre-deprivation proceedings at allnot even the ex parte seeming cause hearing judged skimpy in Doehr. See Doehr at -, 111 S.Ct. at 2108 (describing Connecticut attachment procedure). Nor does CERCLA provide for an immediate post-deprivation hearing. FN2 The first hearing the property owner is likely to get is at the enforcement proceeding, or cost recovery action, brought by EPA.This action may be brought several days after the notice of lien is filed it is limited only by a rather complicated statute oflimitations, see 42 U.S.C. 9613(g)(2), which gives EPA three days after a removal action is completed or six years after a remedial action is commenced to bring such a suit. The running of the statute of limitations i s entirely within EPAs control. Since the government may take its own sweet time before suing, and since the removal or remedial action may itself take years to complete, the lien may be in place for a considerable time without an opportunity for a hearing.FN2. The Connecticut statute at issue in Doehr provided brisk post-attachment review, see 501 U.S. at -, 111 S.Ct. at 2115, but the Court nonetheless found the statute constitutionally deficient. Even under Doehr, though, post-attachment process is not everlastingly in decent. Doehr notes the factors leading to the Courtsapproval, in Mitchell v. W.T. Grant Co., 416 U.S. 600, 94 S.Ct. 1895 (1974), of a sequestration statute with no pre-deprivation review the plaintiff had a marketers lien to protect, the risk of fault was minimal because the likelihood of recovery involved uncomplicated matters that lent themselves to documentary proof, and plaintiff was required to put up a dumbfound. Doehr, 501 U.S. at -, 111 S.Ct. at 2114.M ere postponement of judicial enquiry is not a denial of due process if the opportunity apt(p) for ultimate judicial determination of liability is adequate. *1520 Phillips v. Commissioner, 283 U.S. 589, 596, 51 S.Ct. 608, 611, 75 L.Ed. 1289 (1931). But the CERCLA statute of limitations on liens throws the ultimate judicial determination so far into the future as to render it inadequate. Indeed, in this respect the CERCLA scheme resembles the replevin statutes in Fuentes v. Shevin, where the Court held that the debtor may not be left in limbo to await a hearing that might or might not eventually occur. Mitchell v. W.T. Grant Co., 416 U.S. at 618, 94 S.Ct. at 1905 (discussing Fuentes v. Shevin ).b. Posting of a Bond. The Court has recognized that requiring the filing party to post a bond may provide the property owner important protection against wrongful filing in Doehr, quadruplet members of the Court suggested that due process always requires a plaintiffs bond in the context of an attachment. See Doehr, 501 U.S. at-, 111 S.Ct. at 2116 (plurality). CERCLA does not require EPA to post a bond when filing the notice of federal lien. c. Action for damages. In Doehr, the State of Connecticut argued that the availability of a duple damages remedy for suits that are commenced without probable cause was an important protection against slander of the attachment provisions however, four members of the Court did not find the availability of such a suit to be an adequate procedural safeguard.Four members of the court explained in detail why an action for damages would never prove adequate The destiny for at least a act postattachment hearing is self-evident because the right to be compensated at the end of the case, if the plaintiff loses, for all provable injuries caused by the attachment is inadequate to redress the distress inflicted, harm that could have been avoided had an early hearing been held. An individual with an immediate need or opportunity to sell a pr operty can neither do so, nor otherwise get together that need or recreate the opportunity. The same applies to a parent in need of a home equity loan for a childs education, an enterpriser seeking to start a business on the strength of an otherwise pie-eyed credit rating, or simply a homeowner who might face the suspension of having a mortgage placed in technical default. Doehr, 501 U.S. at -, 111 S.Ct. at 2118 (plurality).
President Nixons International and Domestic Challenges
Name Teacher AP US History September 20, 2012 President Richard M. Nixons judiciary had to face m both inter dry landal and domestic scraps in the get together States in the midst of 1968 and 1974, almost positive and approximately negative. His achievements in expanding peaceful dealingships with both china strugglee and the Soviet aggregate are contrastingly different with his perpetuation of the Vietnam fight. In the last, Nixons scandals and abuse of presidential force extinct caught up to him, and his administration did much to corrode the Statess faith in the g overnment. In 1968, Richard Nixon gave his adoption speech at the Rerealityan National Convention(Doc A).He verbalize that it was time for a new leadership for the United States of the States, and that new leadership was him. Nixon win in a very close election against Hubert Humphrey and promised to restore rectitude and order to the nations cities. What every iodin didnt live was that for him to achi eve his future accomplishments, he would destroy the nations trust. A positive international altercate that Nixon was involved in was seeking better relations with China. Early in his offshoot term, Nixon and his adviser, Henry Kissinger, began send subtle proposals hinting at warmer relations to the lots Republic of Chinas government.When both countries hinted at this, Kissinger flew on inexplicable diplomatic missions to capital of Red China and in July 1971, the President announced that he would blabber the PRC the following year. This confused most Americans at the time because they believed that entirely communists countries were evil. When Nixon flew to China in February and he met with Mao Zedong. Nixons enforce included a vast shift in the Cold War balance, putting the U. S. and China against the Soviet Union. Several months later, Nixon trave direct to the U. S. S. R. and met with Leonid Brezhnev and other Soviet leaders.The dissolver this trip was the signing of the Antiballistic Missile Treaty of 1972. The accordance restricted the number of ICBMs each nation could patch up and stockpile and it was part of SALT (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks). Nixons visits to China was a triumph because it contained the Soviet Union from expanding and gaining power. His visit to the U. S. S. R. was a diplomatic accomplishment because it amend relations with them. Nixon approach many international disputes during his presidency and some of them, he responded to negatively.Through discover the Vietnam War, President Nixon had sent a letter to President Ho Chi Minh stating that he believes the war has gone on to long and it need to stop(Doc B). When the letter didnt effect, the biggest international challenge for Nixon was how to end the Vietnam War. Nixon and Kissinger both had a belief that they could end the war in six months, but they were proved wrong. In 1968, the same year Nixon was elected, there had been two abundant events of the Vietnam Wa r, the Tet Offensive and My Lai Massacre. President Nixon had inherited the burden of the Vietnam War and he asked the American citizens for their support(Doc D).Two months into his presidency, Nixon realized that there seemed to be no end in sight to the war. In 1969, Nixon ordered the secret bombing of Cambodia. The targets of these attacks were sanctuaries and base areas of the massess Army of Vietnam and forces of the Viet Cong, which used them for resupply, training, and resting between campaigns crosswise the border in the Republic of Vietnam. Nixons conclusion for the bombing raid was because the first had been unsuccessful. The purpose of the covert was to protect Sihanouk. The way Nixon responded with the secret bombing was negative.He never told America or the Congress active it and that led to the distrust of the American citizens. environmental concerns were a challenge but Nixon responded to them positively. In Nixons presidency, he started out opposing environmenta l laws. But then he realized that protecting the environment was popular and he saw it as a politically just area. By the time of his resignation, he created more laws than any other president before him. In ahead of time 1970, President Nixon signed the legislation that became the National environmental Policy Act. He announced it was the first emblematical act of the environmental decade. Between the years of 1970 and 1972, Nixon created the Environmental egis Agency and signed laws including the Clean carriage Act, Clean Water Act, and the Marine Mammal Protection Act. Another thing he did was sign administrator orders and international agreements on environmental issues. In advance(prenominal) 1973, an international conference was held to discuss endangered species. The proceeds of the conference was the Convention on International craftsmanship in exist Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. The U. S. indispensable a new legislation to meet some of the agreements provision s and it led to the Endangered Species Act.In Nixons State of the Union speech in 1973, he called for stronger wildlife protection. The results of these environmental laws and international agreements made the public extremely happy. Even though Nixons intentions were egotistical when he got involved in environmental concerns, he responded unquestionably positive. All his hard work succored surface the way for a cleaner society. In 1973, an crude oil crisis began when the members of the OAPEC (consisting of the Arab members of OPEC, plus Egypt, Syria and Tunisia) proclaimed an oil embargo in response to the United States decision to resupply the Israeli armament during the Yom Kippur War.The embargo happened when 85% of American workers had to drive to work every day. President Nixon had to set the course of spontaneous rationing. He proposed an extension of daylight savings time, had muff stations hold their sales to a max of ten gallons per customer and a maximum belt al ong limit of 5o miles per hour, and asked companies to trim down work hours(Doc H). The charge at the pump rose from 30 cents a gallon to $1. 20(Doc C). Nixon also had Congress approve of a Trans-Alaskan oil pipeline. Nixon responded to the recession the best way possible. The embargo was lifted on March 18, 1974.The downfall of Nixon was his surpass domestic challenge. America found out about his scandals and it led to his resignation as president. The Watergate Scandal starts when Nixon won the 1968 election, one of the closest elections in U. S. history. In 1970, Nixon approves a plan for a greatly expanding domestic cognition gathering by the FBI, CIA, and other agencies. A hardly a(prenominal) days later he has second thoughts and revokes his approval. consequently in June of 1971, New York Times begins publishing the Pentagon document. The Pentagon Papers is about the Defense Departments secret history of the Vietnam War.In September of the same year, the White put forw ard plumbers unit burglarizes a psychiatrists routine to find files on the creator defense analyst who leaked the Pentagon Papers, Daniel Ellsberg. The White House plumbers unit got their name from their orders to spark plug leaks in the administration. The year of 1972 is a busy year. On June 17, five men were arrested trying to bug the Democrats offices at the Watergate hotel. The Washington Post reported many things that year. hotshot was that a $25,000 check wound up in the bank account of a Watergate burglar.Another was that John Mitchell controlled a secret Republican fund used to pay widespread intelligence-gathering operations against Democrats. Nixon was reelected president in one of the largest landslides in U. S. history in 1972 against George McGovern. His inaugural handle said that since he was elected in 1968, America has been better(Doc F). But the truth was, that in 1973, Nixon was turning out to be anything but great. In the beginning of 1973, former Nixon ai des G. Gordon Liddy and James W. McCordJr. , convicted of wiretapping in the Watergate incident. Then, H.R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman, and attorney General Richard Kleindienst all resigned over the scandal. John Dean, a White House counsel, was shoot. In May, Elliot Richardson taps Archibald coxswain as the Justice Departments finicky prosecutor for Watergate. Later, in June, John Dean tells the Watergate investigators that he discussed the Watergate cover-up with Nixon at least 35 times and the Washington Post reports it. In July, Alexander Butterfield revealed in his congressional testimony that since 1971, President Nixon had recorded all conversations in his office.When the Senate asked Nixon for the tapes, he refused. On the Saturday Night Massacre, Nixon fired Archibald Cox and Elliot Richardson and William D. Ruckelsshaus resigned. When Nixon reluctantly agreed to hand over the tape, there was an 18 minute gap. Nixon kept with child(p) them pieces of the tape when the y asked for them(Doc G). He never just reach over all the tapes. The Supreme Court command that Nixon must turn over the tape recordings. In 1974, the Washington Post reported that the inevitable was nearing(Doc I).Nixon was faced with certain impeachment, so in August of 1974, Richard Nixon became the first ever president to resign and Gerald Ford became the side by side(p) president. President Richard Nixons presidency had many ups and downs when it came to dealing with the international and domestic challenges in the United States between 1968 and 1974. His most notable domestic actions were economic, and his international actions were his priority. disdain his ruination and disgrace in keeping secrets from America, Nixon did help establish relations with Communist China and stop the Vietnam War.
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